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TUNISIA.TXT
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1994-11-29
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Tunisia
Geography
Location:
Northern Africa, 144 km from Italy across the Strait of Sicily,
between Algeria and Libya
Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
163,610 sq km
land area:
155,360 sq km
comparative area:
slightly larger than Georgia
Land boundaries:
total 1,424 km, Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km
Coastline:
1,148 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
maritime boundary dispute with Libya; land boundary dispute with
Algeria settled in 1993
Climate:
temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers;
desert in south
Terrain:
mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into
the Sahara
Natural resources:
petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt
Land use:
arable land:
20%
permanent crops:
10%
meadows and pastures:
19%
forest and woodland:
4%
other:
47%
Irrigated land:
2,750 sq km (1989)
Environment:
current issues:
toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and presents human
health risks; water pollution from untreated sewage; water scarcity;
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed,
but not ratified - Marine Life Conservation
Note:
strategic location in central Mediterranean
People
Population:
8,726,562 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
1.76% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
23.4 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
4.95 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
-0.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
34.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
72.89 years
male:
70.85 years
female:
75.03 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
2.88 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Tunisian(s)
adjective:
Tunisian
Ethnic divisions:
Arab-Berber 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1%
Religions:
Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish 1%
Languages:
Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French
(commerce)
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
65%
male:
74%
female:
56%
Labor force:
2.25 million
by occupation:
agriculture 32%
note:
shortage of skilled labor
Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Tunisia
conventional short form:
local long form:
Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah
local short form:
Tunis
Digraph:
TS
Type:
republic
Capital:
Tunis
Administrative divisions:
23 governorates; Beja, Ben Arous, Bizerte, Gabes, Gafsa, Jendouba,
Kairouan, Kasserine, Kebili, L'Ariana, Le Kef, Mahdia, Medenine,
Monastir, Nabeul, Sfax, Sidi Bou Zid, Siliana, Sousse, Tataouine,
Tozeur, Tunis, Zaghouan
Independence:
20 March 1956 (from France)
National holiday:
National Day, 20 March (1956)
Constitution:
1 June 1959; amended 12 July 1988
Legal system:
based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review
of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session
Suffrage:
20 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987);
election last held 20 March 1994 (next to be held NA); results - Gen.
Zine el Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without opposition
head of government:
Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the president
Legislative branch:
unicameral
Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab):
elections last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA March 1994);
results - RCD 80.7%, independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, other
2.4%; seats - (141 total) RCD 141
Judicial branch:
Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation)
Political parties and leaders:
Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (RCD), President BEN ALI
(official ruling party); Movement of Democratic Socialists (MDS),
Mohammed MOUAADA; five other political parties are legal, including
the Communist Party
Other political or pressure groups:
the Islamic fundamentalist party, An Nahda (Rebirth), is outlawed
Member of:
ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM,
OAPEC (withdrew from active membership in 1986), OAS (observer), OAU,
OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Ismail KHALIL
chancery:
1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005
telephone:
(202) 862-1850
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador John T. McCARTHY
embassy:
144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere
mailing address:
use embassy street address
telephone:
[216] (1) 782-566
FAX:
[216] (1) 789-719
Flag:
red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly
encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are
traditional symbols of Islam
Economy
Overview:
Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important agricultural, mining,
energy, tourism and manufacturing sectors. The economy grew rapidly in
the mid-1980s, GDP growth averaging 5.4% in 1983-85. Following a
foreign exchange crisis caused by a sharp drop in agricultural output
and tourism, combined with the oil price collapse in 1986, Tunisia
inaugurated an IMF-sponsored economic rehabilitation scheme.
Subsequent government structural reforms have helped liberalize and
open the economy, and GDP growth has been positive since the start of
the program. A sharp rebound in tourism from the downturn caused by
the Gulf war and strong agricultural performance boosted real GDP
growth to more than 8% in 1992; growth fell back to 2.6% in 1993.
Further privatization and further improvements in government
administrative efficiency are among the challenges for the future.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $34.3 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
2.6% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
$4,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.5% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
16.2% (1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$4.3 billion
expenditures:
$5.5 billion, including capital expenditures to $NA (1993 est.)
Exports:
$4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1993)
commodities:
hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and chemicals
partners:
EC countries 75%, Middle East 10%, Algeria 2%, India 2%, US 1%
Imports:
$6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1993)
commodities:
industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%,
consumer goods
partners:
EC countries 70%, US 5%, Middle East 2%, Japan 2%, Switzerland 1%,
Algeria 1%
External debt:
$7.7 billion (1993 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 5% (1989); accounts for about 25% of GDP, including
petroleum
Electricity:
capacity:
1,545,000 kW
production:
5,096 kWh
consumption per capita:
600 kWh (1992)
Industries:
petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism,
textiles, footwear, food, beverages
Agriculture:
accounts for 16% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output subject
to severe fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export crops -
olives, dates, oranges, almonds; other products - grain, sugar beets,
wine grapes, poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in food
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $730 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89) $52
million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communist
countries (1970-89), $410 million
Currency:
1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes
Exchange rates:
Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1 - 1.0514 (January 1994), 1.0037 (1993),
0.8844 (1992), 0.9246 (1991), 0.8783 (1990), 0.9493 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
Communications
Railroads:
2,115 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge; 1,650 km
1.000-meter gauge
Highways:
total:
17,700 km
paved:
bituminous 9,100 km
unpaved:
improved, unimproved earth 8,600 km
Pipelines:
crude oil 797 km; petroleum products 86 km; natural gas 742 km
Ports:
Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, Zarzis
Merchant marine:
23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 152,683 GRT/199,273 DWT, bulk 6,
cargo 6, chemical tanker 6, liquefied gas 1, oil tanker 1,
roll-on/roll-off cargo 2, short-sea passenger 1
Airports:
total:
31
usable:
27
with permanent-surface runways:
14
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
9
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
5
note:
a new airport opened 6 May 1993, length and type of surface NA
Telecommunications:
the system is above the African average; facilities consist of
open-wire lines, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay; key centers
are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones (28
telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 7 AM, 8 FM, 19 TV;
5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT with back-up control station; coaxial cable and
microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya
Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National Guard
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 2,229,362; fit for military service 1,281,015; reach
military age (20) annually 91,941 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $618 million, 3.7% of GDP (1993 est.)